Arenes (Overview)
Electrochemistry

Arenes (Overview)


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Structure & Bonding
  • All C atoms in benzene are sp2 hybridised → benzene is planar
  • π e– are delocalised within the benzene ring → (i) added stability due to charge dispersal and (ii) all C–C bonds in the ring have equal bond lengths
  • non-polar
  • simple molecular structures consisting of benzene molecules held together by weak VDW forces
Physical Properties
  • relatively low mp/bp
  • insoluble in water; soluble in organic solvents (e.g. CCl4)
Chemical Properties

Benzenes

  • have an e– rich region (cloud of delocalised e– above and below the planar ring) → react with electrophiles
  • are unsaturated (contain C=C) but undergo substitution to preserve aromaticity (stability)

→ undergo electrophilic substitution reactions
Main Reaction(s)

Benzene
  • Electrophilic substitution (with X+/ NO2+)

Methylbenzene
  • Electrophilic substitution (with X+/ NO2+)
  • Free radical substitution (with X2)
  • Side chain oxidation (with KMnO4)




- Substituent Effects
← Back to Arenes   A substituent on a benzene ring can have 2 effects: activate or deactivate the ring i.e. cause the substituted benzene to be more reactive or less reactive than benzene direct the position of subsequent substitution i.e. 2,4-directing...

- Determine Products Of Side Chain Oxidation
← Back to Arenes   Benzylic C (C next to the benzene ring) is oxidized to benzoic acid (or benzoate under alkaline conditions) All other C in the side chain are oxidized to CO2  For side chain oxidation to occur,...

- Alkanes (overview)
Structure & Bonding saturated: all C atoms are bonded to 4 atoms all C atom are sp3 hybridised non-polar simple molecular structures consisting of alkane molecules held together by weak VDW forces ...

- H1 Chemistry Syllabus (2008)
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY 1. ATOMS, MOLECULES AND STOICHIOMETRY • Relative masses of atoms and molecules • The mole, the Avogadro constant • The calculation of empirical and molecular formulae • Reacting masses and volumes (of solutions and gases) 2....

- Introduction To Organic Chemistry : 12.5 Organic Reaction
TYPE OF CLEAVAGE : 2 type of bond cleavage:- Hemolytic cleavageHeterolytic cleavage Hemolytic cleavage The breaking of a single (two-electron) bond in which one electron remains on each of the atoms. Also known as free-radical reaction; homolysis. ...



Electrochemistry








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