Electrochemistry
- On Benzene
Figure 1. Snaaaaaakeeeee, a snaaaaaakeeeee! Ahh benzene! Europeans fear it, I love the smell of it, and it can look like a snake (Figure 1)! What isn't there to love? Not to mention its qualities as a solvent, and its utility in the azeotropic removal...
- Determine Products Of Side Chain Oxidation
← Back to Arenes Benzylic C (C next to the benzene ring) is oxidized to benzoic acid (or benzoate under alkaline conditions) All other C in the side chain are oxidized to CO2 For side chain oxidation to occur,...
- Alkanes (overview)
Structure & Bonding saturated: all C atoms are bonded to 4 atoms all C atom are sp3 hybridised non-polar simple molecular structures consisting of alkane molecules held together by weak VDW forces ...
- Determine No. Of Stereoisomers
← Back to Intro to Org Chem no. of stereoisomers = 2n n = no. of stereogenic centers i.e. chiral C + C=C or cyclic rings that can exhibit cis/trans Students make mistakes when they blindly count the total number of C=C...
- Introduction To Organic Chemistry : 12.5 Organic Reaction
TYPE OF CLEAVAGE : 2 type of bond cleavage:- Hemolytic cleavageHeterolytic cleavage Hemolytic cleavage The breaking of a single (two-electron) bond in which one electron remains on each of the atoms. Also known as free-radical reaction; homolysis. ...
Electrochemistry
Substituent Effects
← Back to Arenes
A substituent on a benzene ring can have 2 effects:
- activate or deactivate the ring i.e. cause the substituted benzene to be more reactive or less reactive than benzene
- direct the position of subsequent substitution i.e. 2,4-directing or 3-directing
| 2,4-directing | 3-directing | |
| activating | alkyl groups
atom bonded directly to benzene has a lone pair (except halides) i.e. | |
| deactivating | halides –X | atom bonded directly to benzene has a + charge or partial + charge i.e. –C(=O)R, –COOH, –COOR, –CN, –NO2, –NH3+, –NR3+ |
- Recall: benzenes are e– rich → undergo reaction with electrophiles
- Hence, substituents that are overall e– donating will increase the e– density on the ring, making them more susceptible to reaction with electrophiles (i.e. reactivity increases)
- Conversely, substituents that are overall e– withdrawing will decrease the e– density on the ring, making them less susceptible to reaction with electrophiles (i.e. reactivity decreases)
- On Benzene
Figure 1. Snaaaaaakeeeee, a snaaaaaakeeeee! Ahh benzene! Europeans fear it, I love the smell of it, and it can look like a snake (Figure 1)! What isn't there to love? Not to mention its qualities as a solvent, and its utility in the azeotropic removal...
- Determine Products Of Side Chain Oxidation
← Back to Arenes Benzylic C (C next to the benzene ring) is oxidized to benzoic acid (or benzoate under alkaline conditions) All other C in the side chain are oxidized to CO2 For side chain oxidation to occur,...
- Alkanes (overview)
Structure & Bonding saturated: all C atoms are bonded to 4 atoms all C atom are sp3 hybridised non-polar simple molecular structures consisting of alkane molecules held together by weak VDW forces ...
- Determine No. Of Stereoisomers
← Back to Intro to Org Chem no. of stereoisomers = 2n n = no. of stereogenic centers i.e. chiral C + C=C or cyclic rings that can exhibit cis/trans Students make mistakes when they blindly count the total number of C=C...
- Introduction To Organic Chemistry : 12.5 Organic Reaction
TYPE OF CLEAVAGE : 2 type of bond cleavage:- Hemolytic cleavageHeterolytic cleavage Hemolytic cleavage The breaking of a single (two-electron) bond in which one electron remains on each of the atoms. Also known as free-radical reaction; homolysis. ...